SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 

References
  1. ^ "cardiovascular system" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  2. ^ "circulatory system" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  3. ^ MeSH Cardiovascular+System
  4. ^ a b Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence. National Informatics Centre (Government of India).
  5. ^ Anatomy - History of anatomy
  6. ^ Mohammadali M. Shojaa, R. Shane Tubbsb, Marios Loukasc, Majid Khalilid, Farid Alakbarlie, Aaron A. Cohen-Gadola; Tubbs, RS; Loukas, M; Khalili, M; Alakbarli, F; Cohen-Gadol, AA (29 May 2009), "Vasovagal syncope in the Canon of Avicenna: The first mention of carotid artery hypersensitivity", International Journal of Cardiology (Elsevier) 134 (3): 297–301, doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.02.035, PMID 19332359
  7. ^ Rachel Hajar (1999), "The Greco-Islamic Pulse", Heart Views 1 (4): 136-140 [138]
  8. ^ Chairman's Reflections (2004), "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting", Heart Views 5 (2), p. 74-85 [80].
  9. ^ West, John B. (October 9, 2008), "Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age", Journal of Applied Physiology 105(6): 1877–80, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91171.2008, PMC 2612469, PMID 18845773
  10. ^ Peter E. Pormann and E. Savage Smith, Medieval Islamic medicine Georgetown University, Washington DC, 2007, p. 48.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

References
  1. ^ a b Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.OCLC 32308337.
  2. ^ Dusenbery, David B. (1996). “Life at Small Scale”, pp. 113-115. Scientific American Library, New York. ISBN 0-7167-5060-0.
  3. ^ Dusenbery, David B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale, p. 280. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.
  4. ^ Wooldridge K (editor) (2009). Bacterial Secreted Proteins: Secretory Mechanisms and Role in Pathogenesis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-42-4.
  5. ^ Salyers, A. A. & Whitt, D. D. (2002). Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach, 2nd ed., Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. ISBN 1-55581-171-X
  6. ^ Cascales E & Christie P.J. (2003). "The versatile Type IV secretion systems". Nat Rev Microbiol 1 (2): 137–149.doi:10.1038/nrmicro753. PMID 15035043.
  7. ^ Christie PJ, Atmakuri K, Jabubowski S, Krishnamoorthy V & Cascales E. (2005). "Biogenesis, architecture, and function of bacterial Type IV secretion systems". Ann Rev Microbiol 59: 451–485. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123630.PMID 16153176.
  8. ^ Chatterjee, SN and J Das. "Electron microscopic observations on the excretion of cell wall material by Vibrio cholerae." "J.Gen.Microbiol." "49" : 1-11 (1967) ; Kuehn, MJ and NC Kesty. "Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and the host-pathogen interaction." Genes Dev.and then the 19(22):2645-55 (2005)
  9. ^ McBroom, AJ and MJ Kuehn Release of outer membrane vesicles by Gram-negative bacteria is a novel envelope stress response. Mol. Microbiol. 63(2):545-58 (2007)
  10. ^ Leege, Lissa. "How does the Venus flytrap digest flies?".Scientific American. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
  11. ^ Boettner DR, Huston CD, Linford AS, et al. (January 2008)."Entamoeba histolytica phagocytosis of human erythrocytes involves PATMK, a member of the transmembrane kinase family". PLoS Pathog. 4 (1): e8.doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040008. PMC 2211552.PMID 18208324.
  12. ^ Clarke, M.R. (1986). A Handbook for the Identification of Cephalopod Beaks. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-857603-X.
  13. ^ Miserez, A; Li, Y; Waite, H; Zok, F (2007). "Jumbo squid beaks: Inspiration for design of robust organic composites". Acta Biomaterialia 3 (1): 139–149. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2006.09.004.PMID 17113369.
  14. ^ Gordon John Larkman Ramel (2008-09-29). "The Alimentary Canal in Birds". Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  15. ^ Levi, Wendell (1977). The Pigeon. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc. ISBN 0853900132.
  16. ^ a b c d e Kong F, Singh RP (June 2008). "Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach". J. Food Sci. 73 (5): R67–80.doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00766.x. PMID 18577009.Free full-text
  17. ^ "World's oldest condom". Ananova. 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-11.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

References
  1. ^ MeSH Merriam+Webster+Dictionary
  2. ^ MeSH Integumentary+System
  3. ^ Marieb, Elaine; Katja Hoehn (2007). Human Anatomy & Physiology (7th ed.). Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. 142.
  4. ^ Martini & Nath: "Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology" 8th Edition, pp.158,Pearson Education, 2009
  5. ^ a b The Ageing Skin - Structure of Skin

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

References
  1. ^ "Lymph - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
  2. ^ a b Warwick, Roger; Peter L. Williams. "Angiology (Chapter 6)".Gray's anatomy. illustrated by Richard E. M. Moore (Thirty-fifth ed.). London: Longman. pp. 588–785.
  3. ^ "The functions of the Lymphatic System.". Retrieved Feb. 25, 2011.
  4. ^ "lymphoid tissue" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  5. ^ Goldsby, Richard; Kindt, TJ; Osborne, BA; Janis Kuby (2003) [1992]. "Cells and Organs of the Immune System (Chapter 2)".Immunology (Fifth ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 24–56. ISBN 07167-4947-5.
  6. ^ "Definition of lymphatics". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary. medicineNet.com. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
  7. ^ "Lymphedema".
  8. ^ a b Schwartz, Colin; Werthessen, N, Wolf, S (1981) [1931]. "The Lymphatic Circulation". Structure and Function of Circulation, vol 2(Fifth ed.). New York: Plenum Press. pp. 502–503.
  9. ^ a b Farrel, Walter (October 1966). Lymphangiographic Demonstration of Lymphovenous Communication After Radiotherapy in Hodgkin's Disease,. Journal of radiological Society of North America. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  10. ^ Robert F Dunn; Ronald W Strahan, Paul H Ward (1973). "Lymph Node-Venous Communications". Lymph Node-Venous Communication. Arch Otolaringology. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Ambrose, C. (2006). "Immunology’s first priority dispute—An account of the 17th-century Rudbeck–Bartholin feud".Cellular Immunology 242 (1): 1.doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.09.004. PMID 17083923.
  12. ^ a b c Fanous, Medhat YZ; Anthony J Phillips, John A Windsor (2007). "Mesenteric Lymph: The Bridge to Future Management of Critical Illness". Journal of the Pancreas (Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA) 8 (4): 374–399. PMID 17625290. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
  13. ^ a b c d e Flourens, P. (1859). "ASELLI, PECQUET, RUDBECK, BARTHOLIN (Chapter 3)". A History of the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood. Rickey, Mallory & company. pp. 67–99. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
  14. ^ a b Eriksson, G. (2004). "Olaus Rudbeck as scientist and professor of medicine (Original article in Swedish)" (in Swedish).Svensk Medicinhistorisk Tidskrift 8 (1): 39–44. PMID 16025602.
  15. ^ "Disputatio anatomica, de circulatione sanguinis". Account of Rudbeck's work on lymphatic system and dispute with Bartholin. The International League of Antiquarian Booksellers. Retrieved 2008-07-11.

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

References
  1. ^ MeSH Musculoskeletal+System
  2. ^ Mooar, Pekka (2007). "Introduction".Merck Manual. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  3. ^ a b Kahn, Cynthia; Scott Line (2008).Musculoskeletal System Introduction: Introduction. NJ, USA: Merck & Co., Inc..
  4. ^ a b Applegate, Edith; Kent Van De Graaff."The Skeletal System". Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  5. ^ Engelbert, Phillis; Carol DeKane Nagel (2009). "The Human Body / How Many Bones Are In The Human Body?". U·X·L Science Fact Finder. eNotes.com, Inc.. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
  6. ^ a b c Gary, Farr (2002-06-25). "The Musculoskeletal System". Retrieved 2008-11-18.
  7. ^ a b "Skeletal System". 2001. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
  8. ^ Mooar, Pekka (2007). "Muscles". The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  9. ^ "innervated". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC.. 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  10. ^ Bárány, Michael (2002). "SMOOTH MUSCLE". Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  11. ^ "The Mechanism of Muscle Contraction". Principles of Meat Science (4th Edition). Retrieved 2008-11-18.
  12. ^ Jonathan, Cluett (2008). "Tendons". Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  13. ^ Bridwell, Keith (06/07/2008)."Ligaments". Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  14. ^ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2009. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2009.
  15. ^ "articular". Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Random House, Inc.. 2006. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  16. ^ "neurologic". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
  17. ^ a b Diagnosis and classification of pelvic girdle pain disorders— Part 1: A mechanism based approach within a bio psychosocial framework. Manual Therapy, Volume 12, Issue 2, May 2007, PB. O’Sullivan and DJ Beales.
  18. ^ European guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic girdle pain. Eur Spine J. 2008 Feb 8, A Vleeming, HB Albert, HC Ostgaard, B Sturesson, B Stuge.
  19. ^ Possible role of the long dorsal sacroiliac ligament in women with peripartum pelvic pain. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, Volume 81, Issue 5 , Page 430-436, May 2002, A Vleeming, HJ de Vries, JM Mens, J-P van Wingerden

NERVOUS SYSTEM

References
  1. ^ "Nervous System". Columbia Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 2: Nerve cells and behavior". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  3. ^ Finger S (2001). "Ch. 1: The brain in antiquity". Origins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 9780195146943.
  4. ^ Finger, pp. 43–50
  5. ^ a b Sakarya O, Armstrong KA, Adamska M, et al. (2007). Vosshall, Leslie. ed. "A post-synaptic scaffold at the origin of the animal kingdom". PLoS ONE 2 (6): e506.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000506. PMC 1876816.PMID 17551586.
  6. ^ a b Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). Invertebrate Zoology(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 111–124. ISBN 0030259827.
  7. ^ a b Balavoine G (2003). "The segmented Urbilateria: A testable scenario". Int Comp Biology 43 (1): 137–47.doi:10.1093/icb/43.1.137.
  8. ^ a b c Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 4: The cytology of neurons". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  9. ^ a b Allen NJ, Barres BA (2009). "Neuroscience: Glia - more than just brain glue". Nature 457 (7230): 675–7.doi:10.1038/457675a. PMID 19194443.
  10. ^ Azevedo FA, Carvalho LR, Grinberg LT, et al. (2009). "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". J. Comp. Neurol.513 (5): 532–41. doi:10.1002/cne.21974. PMID 19226510.
  11. ^ a b Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 17: The anatomical organization of the central nervous system". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional.ISBN 9780838577011.
  12. ^ Standring, Susan (Editor-in-chief) (2005). Gray's Anatomy (39th ed.). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. pp. 233–234.ISBN 9780443071683.
  13. ^ Hubbard JI (1974). The peripheral nervous system. Plenum Press. p. vii. ISBN 9780306307645.
  14. ^ Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, LaMantia A-S, McNamara JO, White LE (2008). Neuroscience. 4th ed.. Sinauer Associates. pp. 15–16.
  15. ^ "ganglion" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  16. ^ Afifi AK (July 1994). "Basal ganglia: functional anatomy and physiology. Part 1". J. Child Neurol. 9 (3): 249–60.doi:10.1177/088307389400900306. PMID 7930403.
  17. ^ Jacobs DK1, Nakanishi N, Yuan D, et al. (2007). "Evolution of sensory structures in basal metazoa". Integr Comp Biol 47 (5): 712–723. doi:10.1093/icb/icm094.
  18. ^ Sanes DH, Reh TA, Harris WA (2006). Development of the nervous system. Academic Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780126186215.
  19. ^ Ghysen A (2003). "The origin and evolution of the nervous system". Int. J. Dev. Biol. 47 (7–8): 555–62. PMID 14756331.
  20. ^ Erwin DH, Davidson EH (July 2002). "The last common bilaterian ancestor". Development 129 (13): 3021–32. PMID 12070079.
  21. ^ Bourlat SJ, Juliusdottir T, Lowe CJ, et al. (November 2006). "Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida". Nature 444 (7115): 85–8.doi:10.1038/nature05241. PMID 17051155.
  22. ^ Lichtneckert R, Reichert H (May 2005). "Insights into the urbilaterian brain: conserved genetic patterning mechanisms in insect and vertebrate brain development". Heredity 94 (5): 465–77.doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800664. PMID 15770230.
  23. ^ ADEY WR (February 1951). "The nervous system of the earthworm Megascolex". J. Comp. Neurol. 94 (1): 57–103.doi:10.1002/cne.900940104. PMID 14814220.
  24. ^ a b "Wormbook: Specification of the nervous system".
  25. ^ Chapman RF (1998). "Ch. 20: Nervous system". The insects: structure and function. Cambridge University Press. pp. 533–568.ISBN 9780521578905.
  26. ^ Chapman, p. 546
  27. ^ a b Hoyle G, Wiersma CAG (1977). Identified neurons and behavior of arthropods. Plenum Press. ISBN 9780306310010.
  28. ^ Stein PSG (1999). Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior. MIT Press. pp. 38–44. ISBN 9780262692274.
  29. ^ Stein, p. 112
  30. ^ Simmons PJ, Young D (1999). Nerve cells and animal behaviour. Cambridge University Press. p. 43.ISBN 9780521627269.
  31. ^ Gray PO (2006). Psychology (5 ed.). Macmillan. p. 170.ISBN 9780716776901.
  32. ^ a b Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 9: Propagated signaling: the action potential". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  33. ^ Hormuzdi SG, Filippov MA, Mitropoulou G, et al. (2004). "Electrical synapses: a dynamic signaling system that shapes the activity of neuronal networks". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1662 (1–2): 113–37.doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.10.023. PMID 15033583.
  34. ^ a b c Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 10: Overview of synaptic transmission". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  35. ^ Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 11: Signaling at the nerve-muscle synapse". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  36. ^ Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 15: Neurotransmitters". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  37. ^ Strata P, Harvey R (1999). "Dale's principle". Brain Res. Bull. 50(5–6): 349–50. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00100-8.PMID 10643431.
  38. ^ There are a number of exceptional situations in which GABA has been found to have excitatory effects, mainly during early development. For a review see Marty A, Llano I (June 2005). "Excitatory effects of GABA in established brain networks". Trends Neurosci. 28 (6): 284–9. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.04.003.PMID 15927683.
  39. ^ Paradiso MA; Bear MF; Connors BW (2007). Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 718. ISBN 0-7817-6003-8.
  40. ^ a b Cooke SF, Bliss TV (2006). "Plasticity in the human central nervous system". Brain 129 (Pt 7): 1659–73.doi:10.1093/brain/awl082. PMID 16672292.
  41. ^ Bliss TV, Collingridge GL (January 1993). "A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus". Nature 361(6407): 31–9. doi:10.1038/361031a0. PMID 8421494.
  42. ^ Kauer JA, Malenka RC (November 2007). "Synaptic plasticity and addiction". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8 (11): 844–58.doi:10.1038/nrn2234. PMID 17948030.
  43. ^ a b c Dayan P, Abbott LF (2005). Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262541855.
  44. ^ McCulloch WS, Pitts W (1943). "A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity". Bull. Math. Biophys. 5 (4): 115–133.doi:10.1007/BF02478259.
  45. ^ a b Sherrington CS (1906). The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. Scribner.
  46. ^ Descartes R (1989). Passions of the Soul. Voss S. Hackett.ISBN 9780872200357.
  47. ^ Baum WM (2005). Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, Culture and Evolution. Blackwell. ISBN 9781405112628.
  48. ^ Piccolino M (November 2002). "Fifty years of the Hodgkin-Huxley era". Trends Neurosci. 25 (11): 552–3. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02276-2. PMID 12392928.
  49. ^ Johnston D, Wu SM (1995). Foundations of cellular neurophysiology. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262100533.
  50. ^ Simmons PJ, Young D (1999). "Ch 1.: Introduction". Nerve cells and animal behaviour. Cambridge Univ. Press.ISBN 9780521627269.
  51. ^ a b Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 36: Spinal reflexes". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  52. ^ Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 38: Voluntary movement". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  53. ^ Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 39: The control of gaze". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  54. ^ Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 21: Coding of sensory information". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  55. ^ Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 25: Constructing the visual image". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  56. ^ Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 52: The induction and patterning of the nervous system". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  57. ^ Sanes DH, Reh TH, Harris WA (2006). "Ch. 1, Neural induction".Development of the Nervous System. Elsevier Academic Press.ISBN 9780126186215.
  58. ^ Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, ed (2000). "Ch. 53: The formation and survival of nerve cells". Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 9780838577011.
  59. ^ Zhu B, Pennack JA, McQuilton P, Forero MG, Mizuguchi K, Sutcliffe B, Gu CJ, Fenton JC, Hidalgo A (Nov 2008). Bate, Michael. ed. "Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a common mechanism for nervous system formation". PLoS Biol 6 (11): e284.doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060284. PMC 2586362.PMID 19018662